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the vessel of the Spirit

  • 1 σκεῦος

    σκεῦος, ους, τό (Aristoph., Thu.+)
    ① a material object used to meet some need in an occupation or other responsibility, gener. thing, object used for any purpose at all (e.g. a table: Diod S 17, 66, 5) Mk 11:16 (PCasey, CBQ 59, ’97, 306–32). σκεῦος ἐλεφάντινον or ἐκ ξύλου Rv 18:12ab. Pl. (Diod S 13, 12, 6) Dg 2:2–4. Of all one has (Jos., Vi. 68; 69) τὰ σκεύη αὐτοῦ his property Lk 17:31.—Mt 12:29; Mk 3:27 (both in allusion to Is 49:24f).—By an added statement or via the context σκ. can become an object of a certain specific kind: τὰ σκεύη τῆς λειτουργίας the equipment used in cultic service Hb 9:21 (ParJer 3:9; 11:18; cp. Jos., Bell. 6, 389 τὰ πρὸς τὰς ἱερουργίας σκεύη). Also τὰ ἅγια σκεύη Ox 840, 14; 21; 29f (Jos., Bell. 2, 321; cp. Plut., Mor. 812b σκεῦος ἱερόν; Philo, Mos. 2, 94; Just., D. 52, 3 σκεύη ἱερά). τὸ σκεῦος Ac 27:17 seems to be the kedge or driving-anchor (Breusing 17ff; Blass and Haenchen ad loc.; Voigt [s. σκευή]. Differently HBalmer, Die Romfahrt des Ap. Pls 1905, 355ff. See FBrannigan, TGl 25, ’33, 182–84; PEdg 6 [=Sb 6712], 10 [258 B.C.] ἄνευ τῶν ἀναγκαίων σκευῶν πλεῖν τὰ πλοῖα. Pl. also X., Oec. 8, 11f; ; TestJob 18:7 and elsewh. of ship’s gear; Arrian, Peripl. 5, 2 τὰ σκεύη τὰ ναυτικά. Eng. tr. have ‘gear’, ‘sails’). Ac 10:11, 16; 11:5 represent a transitional stage on the way to 2.
    ② a container of any kind, vessel, jar, dish, etc. (Aristoph., Thesm. 402; X., Mem. 1, 7, 5; Aelian, VH 12, 8; Herodian 6, 7, 7; LXX; Jos., Bell. 7, 106; 8, 89; PsSol 17:38; TestNapth 2:2; JosAs; Just., A I, 9, 2 ἐξ ἀτίμων … σκευῶν) Lk 8:16; J 19:29; 2 Ti 2:20 (four kinds as Plut., Caes. 730 [48, 7]). τὸ κενὸν σκεῦος Hm 11:13. ποιεῖν σκ. make a vessel 2 Cl 8:2. τὰ σκεύη τὰ κεραμικά Rv 2:27 (s. κεραμικός). σκ. εἰς τιμήν or εἰς ἀτιμίαν (s. τιμή 2b) Ro 9:21; 2 Ti 2:21 (a fig. sense makes itself felt in the latter pass.).
    ③ a human being exercising a function, instrument, vessel fig. ext. of 1 or 2 (Polyb. 13, 5, 7 Δαμοκλῆς ὑπηρετικὸν ἦν ς.) for Christ Paul is a σκεῦος ἐκλογῆς a chosen instrument Ac 9:15.—Of the body, in which the Spirit dwells (cp. TestNapht 8:6 ὁ διάβολος οἰκειοῦται αὐτὸν ὡς ἴδιον σκεῦος; ApcMos 16 γενοῦ μοι σκεῦος; and the magical prayer in FPradel, Griech. u. südital. Gebete1907, p. 9, 11f ἐξορκίζω σε ἐξελθεῖν ἀπὸ τοῦ σκεύους τούτου) Hm 5, 1, 2. Christ’s body as τὸ σκ. τοῦ πνεύματος the vessel of the Spirit B 7:3; 11:9; cp. τὸ καλὸν σκεῦος 21:8 (of the human body, as ApcSed 11:5 [p. 134, 17 Ja.] ὦ χεῖρες … διʼ ἃς τὸ σκεῦος τρέφεται; cp. 10 [ln. 25 Ja.]; 11 [ln. 27 Ja.]). On the human body as ὀστράκινα σκεύη 2 Cor 4:7, s. ὀστράκινος. Those who are lost are σκεύη ὁργῆς Ro 9:22 (cp. Jer 27:25.—CDodd, JTS 5, ’54, 247f: instruments of judgment; sim. AHanson, JTS 32, ’81, 433–43), those who are saved σκ. ἐλέους vs. 23.—1 Pt 3:7 woman is called ἀσθενέστερον σκεῦος (ἀσθενής 2a). τὸ ἑαυτοῦ σκεῦος 1 Th 4:4 from antiquity has been interpreted to mean one’s own body (Theodoret, Calvin, Milligan, Schlatter, MDibelius; RKnox, transl. ’44; CCD transl. ’41, mg.; NRSV) or one’s own wife (Theodore of Mopsuestia, Schmiedel, vDobschütz, Frame, Oepke; WVogel, ThBl 13, ’34, 83–85; RSV et al.). The former interpr. is supported by passages cited at the beg. of this section 3, and the latter is in accord w. rabb. usage (Billerb. III 632f. S. also κτάομαι 1). Also probable for 1 Th 4:4 is ‘penis’ (so Antistius [I A.D.] in Anthol. Plan. 4, 243; Aelian, NA 17, 11; cp. the euphemistic Lat. ‘vasa’ in this sense: Plautus, Poenulus. 863; s. MPoole, Synopsis Criticorum Ali. Sacrae Script., rev. ed.1694, V col. 908; on sim. usage at Qumran s. TElgvin, NTS 43, ’97, 604–19; NAB [1970] renders guarding his member [difft. rev. ed. of NAB, 1986]. Cp. KDonfried, NTS 31, ’85, 342). In such case κτᾶσθαι must mean someth. like ‘gain control of’, etc.—DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > σκεῦος

  • 2 ἑτοιμάζω

    ἑτοιμάζω fut. ἑτοιμάσω; 1 aor. ἡτοίμασα; pf. ἡτοίμακα. Pass.: fut. ἑτοιμασθήσομαι LXX; 1 aor. ἡτοιμάσθην; pf. pass. ἡτοίμασμαι (s. ἑτοιμασία, ἕτοιμος; Hom.+) to cause to be ready, put/keep in readiness, prepare
    ⓐ of things that are being put in readiness τὶ someth.: prepare a way Mt 3:3; Mk 1:3; Lk 3:4 (all three Is 40:3; cp. J 1:23 εὐθύνω [q.v.]; 1:76; Rv 16:12; a pyre MPol 13:2; a meal (Gen 43:16; EpArist 181; TestAbr B 4 p. 108, 14f [Stone p. 64]; JosAs 3:6) Mt 22:4; Lk 17:8; cp. 1 Cl 39:9; τὸ πάσχα (q.v.) Mt 26:19; Mk 14:16; Lk 22:13; cp. GEb 308, 31.—Mk 15:1 v.l.; Lk 23:56; 24:1. ἃ ἡτοίμασας what you have prepared 12:20. Of possessions Hs 1:1, 2, 4.—τινί τι someth. for someone Hs 1:6. θηρίων τῶν ἐμοὶ ἡτοιμασμένων the beast held in readiness for me IRo 5:2. Of the preparations for receiving and entertaining someone (PTebt 592 … σοῦ ταχὺ ἐρχομένου … ἡτοιμάκειν σοι πάντα; POxy 1299, 9; 1490, 7; TestAbr A 4 p. 80, 19 and 28 [Stone p. 8]) ἑτοίμαζέ μοι ξενίαν Phlm 22. ἑ. τινὶ τόπον J 14:2, 3 (cp. Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 53 §219 of those who go before, who ἀσφαλῆ τὰ ἐκεῖ προετοιμάσαι=prepare a safe place there [for those who follow]; 1 Ch 15:1). So also without an object acc. ἑ. τινί make preparations for someone Lk 9:52. In a different sense prepare (a meal) Mk 14:15. Abs. (1 Esdr 1:4; Jer 26:14; Job 28:27) Lk 12:47; 22:9, 12. ὁλοκαύτωμα δεκτὸν τῷ θεῷ ἡτοιμασμένον MPol 14:1. τινί w. inf. foll. Mt 26:17. W. ἵνα foll. Mk 14:12. τινί τι w. ἵνα foll. Lk 22:8.—ἡτοιμασμένος ready, prepared εἴς τι for someth. (3 Macc 6:31) of a vessel 2 Ti 2:21; of horses εἰς πόλεμον Rv 9:7 (cp. Pr 21:31 ἵππος ἑτοιμάζεται εἰς ἡμέραν πολέμου, also 1 Macc 13:22; 12:27; TestLevi 3:2 v.l.; fig. of building stones IEph 9:1.).—S. also pass. in b end, beg. w. Mk 10:40.
    ⓑ Of pers. (En 99:3; TestJob 43:14; Jos., Vi. 203) ἑ. στρατιώτας Ac 23:23 (AMeuwese, De rer. gest. Divi Augusti vers. graeca 1920, 82). Of a bride Rv 21:2. ἑ. ἑαυτόν prepare oneself (Ezk 38:7; ParJer 6:6; 9:11; cp. POslo 88, 13 ἑτοιμάζεσθαι ἑαυτόν) 19:7; w. ἵνα foll. 8:6. Ἰωσὴφ ἡτοιμάσθη τοῦ ἐξελθεῖν Joseph prepared to leave GJs 21:1. W. εἰς foll. (Appian, Mithrid. 26 §103; PsSol 10:2 νῶτον εἰς μάστιγας). Of angels ἡτοιμασμένοι εἰς τ. ὥραν held in readiness for that hour Rv 9:15. Of Jesus, ὸ̔ς εἰς τοῦτο ἡτοιμάσθη, ἵνα B 14:5. God comes ἐφʼ οὓς τ. πνεῦμα ἡτοίμασεν to those whom the Spirit has prepared D 4:10; B 19:7. Of a people that is made ready (2 Km 7:24) B 3:6; 5:7; 14:6; τῷ κυρίῳ (Sir 49:12) Lk 1:17. Here God is referred to several times as the one who brought the preparation about, and in the following pass. God appears explictly as subject: w. pers. or thing as obj. (Ex 23:20; En 25:7; PsSol 5:10; χορτάσματα … παντὶ ζῶντι; JosAs 8:11 κατάπαυσιν … τοῖς ἐκλεκτοῖς; ApcEsdr 6:17 and 21 ὁ στέφανός σοι ἡτοίμασται) Mt 20:23; βασιλείαν 25:34; D 10:5. πῦρ Mt 25:41.—Mk 10:40; Lk 2:31; 1 Cor 2:9=1 Cl 34:8 (quot. of unknown orig.); cp. 2 Cl 14:5; Hb 11:16 (πόλιν ἑ. as Hab 2:12); Rv 12:6; 1 Cl 35:3; Dg 8:11.—M-M. TW.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ἑτοιμάζω

  • 3 ἀσθενής

    ἀσθενής, ές (Pind., Hdt.+; loanw. in rabb.) adj., of that which lacks strength: ‘weak, powerless’.
    ① pert. to suffering from a debilitating illness, sick, ill ἄνθρωπος ἀ. Ac 4:9. Subst. ὁ ἀ. the sick person (Diod S 1, 34, 4) Mt 25:43f; Lk 9:2; 10:9; Ac 5:15f; 1 Cl 59:4 (ἀσεβεῖς cod. H); Pol 6:1. W. ἄρρωστος 1 Cor 11:30 (on the connection betw. wrongdoing and disease cp. PMich Inv. 3690, 7–11 [ZPE 4, ’69, 123]).
    ② pert. to experiencing some incapacity or limitation, weak
    ⓐ of physical weakness. Opp. ἰσχυρός (cp. Ael. Aristid. 36 p. 690 D.; Philo, Aet. M. 58) 1 Cl 38:2; cp. Hv 3, 11, 4; ἡ σὰρξ ἀ. the flesh is weak, gives up too easily Mt 26:41; Mk 14:38; Pol 7:2. ἀ. τῇ σαρκί Hs 9, 1, 2. Of woman (PAmh 141, 16 [restored]; PFlor 58, 14 γυνὴ ἀσθενής; cp. POxy 2713, 8f; EpArist 250) ἀσθενέστερον σκεῦος weaker vessel, i.e. sex 1 Pt 3:7; ἀ. τῷ σώματι physically weak (cp. PFlor 382, 41; abs. Tat. 32, 3) 1 Cl 6:2. ἡ παρουσία τοῦ σώματος ἀ. his personal presence is weak i.e. unimpressive 2 Cor 10:10 (cp. Demosth. 18, 152, s. FDanker, in: Persuasive Artistry [GAKennedy Festschr.] ’91, 276). Acc. to many modern scholars, of spirit beings that can do nothing (w. πτωχός) τὰ ἀ. στοιχεῖα the weak elementary spirits Gal 4:9 (s. στοιχεῖον 2). In imagery of the Christian community: comp., of inferior stones too weak, i.e. incapable of standing great strain Hs 9, 8, 4; 6.
    ⓑ of relative ineffectiveness, whether external or inward weak, feeble, ineffectual ἡμεῖς ἀ. 1 Cor 4:10; τὰ μέλη ἀσθενέστερα the weaker, less important members 12:22. W. φθαρτός the heart viewed as a shrine B 16:7.—τὸ ἀσθενές = ἡ ἀσθένεια (Thu. 2, 61, 2; POxy 71 II, 4 τὸ τῆς φύσεως ἀ.; Jos., Ant. 13, 430) w. τὸ ἀνωφελές Hb 7:18; τὸ ἀ. τοῦ θεοῦ the weakness of God: even what is weak acc. to human standards becomes effective as soon as it comes fr. God 1 Cor 1:25.—τὰ ἀ. τοῦ κόσμου what is weak in (the eyes of) the world 1:27.
    ⓒ of the inner life. ὄντων ἡμῶν ἀ. (=ἁμαρτωλῶν vs. 8) helpless in a moral sense Ro 5:6. Of a weakness in faith, which, through lack of advanced knowledge, considers externals of the greatest importance (cp. Epict. 1, 8, 8 ἀπαιδεύτοις κ. ἀσθενέσι) 1 Cor 8:7, 9f (WMcGarry, Eccl. Rev. 94, ’37, 609–17). ἐγενόμην τοῖς ἀ. ἀ. to those who are weak in faith I became as they are 1 Cor 9:22; ἀντέχεσθαι τῶν ἀ. take care of the weak 1 Th 5:14.—Weak, without influence συγγένεια 1 Cl 10:2. οἱ ἀσθενέστεροι Dg 10:5 (but here ἀ. could have the mng. economically weak, poor, as pap, e.g. UPZ 17, 23; BGU 1815, 6; 1843, 14; 1863, 10; PHib 113, 17; PThéad 20, 15 τὰς ἀσθενεστέρας κώμας; s. ἀσθενέω 3).—ERiggenbach, StKr 66, 1893, 649–78; MRauer, D. ‘Schwachen’ in Korinth u. Rom nach den Pls-briefen 1923.—B. 298. New Docs 4, 132–34. DELG s.v. σθένος. M-M.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > ἀσθενής

  • 4 κυβερνάω

    κυβερνάω (s. two next entries; since Hom., Od. 3, 283, also ins, pap, LXX, EpArist, Philo, Joseph.) aor. ptc., fem. κυβερνήσασα Wsd 10:4, pass. κυβερνηθεῖσα Wsd 14:6. ‘Steer, pilot’ a vessel, then metaph. guide ὅτι οὕτως ἰσοψύχως τὰ περὶ αὐτοῦ ἑκάστης ἡμέρας κυβερνῶσει ἐν τῇ πρὸς τὸν κύριον προσευχῇ (Paul counted himself blessed) that with such unanimous spirit they directed his needs each day to the Lord in prayer AcPl Ha 6, 7–9.—DELG.

    Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά παλαιοχριστιανική Λογοτεχνία > κυβερνάω

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